After analyzing mksSandbox.log I realized that VMware is trying to use Vulkan, but an error occurs, causing the program itself to crash. I added one line in the vmx file to prevent the use of Vulkan:
mks.enableVulkanRenderer = "FALSE"
Now, judging from the new log, VMWare selects DX12 and the problem is now solved, everything works again. My graphics support Vulkan 1.4.312, but apparently VMware doesn't work with that version.