@andre, @vuzzini, @Praveenmna:
Thank you guys for your help and advices. Finally i converted it with a V2V-Tool. While initializing the V2V-Tool with needed parameters, i was able to convert the disk from IDE to SCSI. After uploading the converted disk on a datastore, VSphere detected it as a correct vmdk-disk.
Unfortunately I have now a new Problem. When I start the VM (it is a Fedora-Linux-System), during the booting-sequence i get a failure-message. The failure message ist attached here.
Do anybody know, what I can do here?