I think this is basically the wrong forum for this question, because it is a pure Linux problem and not VMware related.
And it depends a bit on the Linux distribution how to remount a read-only root partition writable again.
Have you tried the following command:
sudo mount -o remount,rw /dev/sdaX /
Where /dev/sdaX must be replaced by your partition identifier. Otherwise you can also try
sudo mountall
But as already mentioned this is distribution specific and the question is better answered in a Linux forum.
But apart from that, rebooting the VM should always fix this problem if your fstab file is configured correctly and there is no other problem.