I don't think the esxcli would give you a friendly name such as Intel Xeon E5-2650L v3.
The other command
esxcli hardware cpu list
will give you the family, model, type, stepping, clock speed, and L2/L3 cache sizes. Good luck in trying to find out using the numbers :smileylaugh:
Alternatively is to use
esxcli hardware platform get
will give you the manufacturer and serial number.
Depending on the manufacturer, you might be able to look at their support site and use the serial number to see what was originally shipped.
esxcfg-info -w | less -i
will consolidate many of the different hardware related esxcli hardware, lspci and other hardware related configuration; but again it may not necessarily present a friendly names such as one would see in Windows Device Manager.