Spent a couple of hours on this problem today, and I'd like to share one possible solution.
In case your VM uses Bridged network connection (Network Adapter: Bridged (Automatic)) -- chances are that is uses wrong internet adapter of your host system.
First, shut down your VM. Then, in VMware Workstation window, open Edit -> Virtual Network Editor... menu.
Click on "Change Settings" (requires admin rights).
Bridged connection type should appear in the list (like VMnet0: Bridged -- and it's not even displayed before you click on "Change Settings").
Select it, then find "Bridged to" drop-down list below, click on it and select the proper physical internet adapter of your host system in the list.
Click Apply, then OK, then you may start your VM again.
That solved the problem for me.
Of course, this will work only if you have a problem with bridged connection, but in any case I encourage you to know about the Virtual Network Editor window, which is not in any way advertised by VMware Workstation during setting up your VM.
I find it basically ridiculous that "automatic" selection of the adapter might just take the alphabetically first adapter without any internet access, and doesn't even try to prompt me to choose it if have multiple adapters. And the option to change the adapter is so unintuitive to access. I was very disappointed with VMware when I encountered this issue.