For the scanner, assuming it is USB, you can attach it to the VM from the USB controller menu. As it is attached via USB, it is either the Mac host or the VM that will have exclusive access at any one time. So there is the element to connect/disconnect depending whether the Mac host needs it or the Windows 11 VM needs it.
If the printer can be attached to network (whether wired or WiFi), the VM network setting can be set to "Automatic" or Bridged instead of "Shared with my Mac". As the printer is shared from network, it is truly shared. How you share the printer via network, look up the printer documentation. If the printer does not have network capability but only has USB, the same approach can be taken and same restriction apply like in the scanner.
For both cases, it requires the Windows 10/11 device drivers either from the manufacturer website download or from Windows update.
Question is is the Windows 11 VM running on Apple ARM64 CPU or Intel CPU.
Both approaches should also work for Windows 11 VM running Apple ARM64 CPU, provided the printer and scanner has ARM64 drivers. You have to check the device product manufacturer if they provide an Windows 11 ARM64 driver for the particular printer model and scanner model. Most manufacturers provide an ARM64 driver if the device model is relatively new (i.e. they are still willing to spend the money to write the driver to support the product model for the next few years). If there is no ARM64 driver for the device model, it will not work and you need to find a device models that have ARM64 to replace them.