According to the documentation:
File System Auto-Protect uses a file cache so that it remembers the clean files
from the last scan. The file cache persists across startups. If the client computer
shuts down and restarts, File System Auto-Protect remembers the clean files and
does not scan them.
File System Auto-Protect rescans the files in the following situations:
■ The client computer downloads new definitions.
■ Auto-Protect detects that the files might have changed when Auto-Protect
was not running.
You can disable the file cache if you always want Auto-Protect to scan every file.
If you disable the file cache, you might impact the performance of your client
computers.
You can also set the following parameters:
■ The file cache size
The default cache size is 10,000 files per volume. You can change the cache
size if you want File System Auto-Protect to rescan more or fewer files.
■ Whether or not Auto-Protect rescans the cache when new definitions load
You might want to disable this parameter to improve File System Auto-Protect
performance
http://www.symantec.com/business/support/index?page=content&id=HOWTO27136
The option is applying as well for 12.1.
Additionaly in SEP 12.1 there is Shared Insight Cache which you may find interesting:
https://www-secure.symantec.com/connect/blogs/shared-inside-cache-sep-121
How Shared Insight Cache works
http://www.symantec.com/docs/HOWTO55318
Symantec Endpoint Protection Shared Insight Cache User Guide 12.1
http://www.symantec.com/docs/DOC4334
Shared Insight Cache - Best Practices and Sizing guide
http://www.symantec.com/business/support/index?page=content&id=TECH174123
Installation and Configuration of SEP Shared Insight Cache
http://www.symantec.com/docs/TECH185897
To your question:
If so, is that a security risk?
- Let´s say a “bad file” is marked as clean inside of the cache
- New definitions get loaded that “know” that the “bad file” should get detected
- Will it get detected then?
Yes, this is the whole point of rescanning the cache again - to check it with the newest definition set that may include the signatures that weren't available with previous definitions - this may as well detect threats in files previously marked as clean anc cached.