Clarity provides audit functionality to those studio objects and their listed fields that you can see in the admin tool audit trail.
For other things and things you mention you are limited to the created and alast updated fields. In addition you have to know where to look.
Furhter as those fields store no history you would have to catch the values on a regular basis and store them somewhere more permanent with additional detail to make them usable.
Dave has posted "Documenting your configuration with SQL" (Or close to it) which helps to locate some items.
One more thing is not to have group ID's, but all personal ID's. That is if you have 20 persons modifying the system and using admin as the login ID a record show the admin did it is not really telling that much.