Hi Tobi,
NSX-T has several components: management plane, control plane, and data plane.
NSX-T Manager holds a role of management plane, and centralized control plane. Some components are deployed in ESXi Host, we call it NSX Agent. This NSX Agent plays a role of control plane, and data plane. There is a component in NSX Agent, called MPA, to report the status back to Management Plane.
Back to your question: Does NSX-T transmit data to V-Center or other vmware services?
The MPA component is the ESXi host will communicate with management plane component in NSX-T Manager. The centralized control plane is communicating with control plane component in the ESXi Host. So vCenter is not in the path; the communication is direct from ESXi host to NSX-T Manager. vCenter role is to automate the installation of NSX Agent, to distribute it in the ESXi host in particular cluster.
To learn more, you can refer to some resources in techzone
Networking and Security Tech Zone | VMware