I can confirm this, 3D rendering stopped working with the latest mesa 24, I tried 3 different distributions (Gentoo, Fedora GNOME/KDE) with different Mesa versions, and is everywhere the same.
Look eg. https://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-1167102-highlight-vmware+kde.html
At first, I thought that it's a Gentoo packaging problem, but isn't. Yesterday I tried Fedora 39 KDE where is mesa 23.2.1 and it worked, then I tried Fedora 40 (beta) GNOME with mesa 24.0.1 and it completely froze VMware and I had to restart whole host system.
I also tried with different kernel versions from 6.6.x to 6.8.3 and it looks like the latest kernel makes it maybe a little less buggy, but it's practically the same, black screens, if you are lucky then after 10-20 seconds the desktop will be partially rendered, but it falls apart in seconds, like black or gray boxes, partially rendered windows and at the end it freezes anyway.
If you are lucky, your desktop renders and you open the terminal then eg. vblank_mode=0 glxgears and hitting enter do nothing for 1-2 seconds, there is some weird lag.
I also looked into the Xorg.0.log, /var/log/messages, and dmesg, but it looks normal, there are no errors, that is also weird that whole desktop crashes and there are no errors in logs.
Disabling 3D acceleration solves this problem, fortunately.