Just to make sure I understand, do you have notes running in a windows VM, and want to open attachments in office on the host, or is notes running on the host, and you want to open attachments using office in a guest?
In either case, though, I don't think you'll be able to do so reliably. When you double click an attachment in notes to open it, Notes copies it to a temporary folder, then launches the local program. So for notes in a guest, I suspect that those temp folders aren't accessible to the sharing functions in fusion. Worse yet, Notes will delete the temporary file after a short while, which causes Office to crash. Best practice with notes is to always copy the attachment to a folder, then open from the folder.
For what it's worth, Notes is available as a native Mac application.