Yes, with the bridged WiFi, the guest could chose not to join the host's network. So if the guest VM chose not to join host WiFi, effectively the virtual Intel Gigabit will not have network access; as that the virtual network card that is bridged to.
The USB WiFi dongle can be plugged in to the host and not configured to access the corporate network. In theory, it should appear as another USB device that the guest can connect to (just like USB hard disk, USB thumb drives, USB IrDA, etc). That is the part where maybe quirks with USB network device(s) may not appear as a connectable USB device for the Fusion guest VM.
I think Fusion does ask whether to Connect to Mac or Connect to Windows when you plug in a USB device and/or set to Connect to Windows always or Mac always.
Assuming the USB WiFi appear as a dongle that the Windows guest VM can connect to, then the regular WiFi configuration (SSID, etc) comes to play. And thus the host MacOS doesn't even have to be configured to access the corporate network.