Looking at info on RME in earlier versions and thinking in writing.
You say
Looking at TecDoc 439334
http://www.ca.com/us/support/ca-support-online/product-content/knowledgebase-articles/tec439334.aspx
In the first case old data is used.
In the second case the new data is used but not extracted to the scheduler.
In the third case the data is prepared, but updated and my assumption is that the information extracted to the scheduler is the new data as the Extraction to scheduler fails.
In the last case the new data is used to prepared and updated and extracted to the scheduled but
[CA Clarity][SQLServer JDBC Driver][SQLServer]Arithmetic overflow error converting expression to data type datetime.
Either that is a bug or there is a problem with a date field in the matrix
So go through the dates in the matrix.
Next check the dates in the tables mentioned below
See also
CA PPM Tuesday Tip: Rate Matrix Configuration
Is it possible that a matrix is not found to be used to the Extraction to scheduler or is there a date that is not in the supported range of dates for the scheduler?
Eg. 2106 instead of 2016
Five days ago, the job started to fail:
Can you try to track what was changed again looking at the dates in the matrix.