It's have been a while..
If someone still is interesting, here a description what it takes to passthrough usb.
Photon OS is hardened. This is is old stuff and reasonable for cloud-native purposes.
This also means that you cannot plugin e.g. usb devices and assume sort of plug'n'play feature availability from modules.
The restriction by Linux kernel configuration is a barrier to protect users, to maintain functionality and provide safety.
This means do not use Photon OS as yet another common-purpose Linux distro because it never was intended for that.
As a Linux developer, you must have learned how to make build packages and how to maintain them, resolve package dependencies, taking into account of different cpu architectures and different flavors, etc.
For this kind of maintenance, the best way for Photon OS actually is to start with docs Building Package or Kernel Modules Using a Script | (vmware.github.io) .
In this context, how to recompile Linux kernel has been a question in the Photon OS github forum: Is there a menuconfig for Photon OS 4.0 Rev2 to recompile the kernel? · Issue #1412 · vmware/photon (github.com). Kernel Live patching is a 2nd way. Both ways aren't documented yet in the meaning as official tutorial.
So, is passthrough usb possible within Photon OS? At the edge yes but it depends on taking the extra mile.